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Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group (AREDS). A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Clinical Trial of High-Dose Supplementation With Vitamins C and E and Beta Carotene for Age-Related Cataract and Vision Loss. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119:1439-1452.

Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group (AREDS). A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Clinical Trial of High-Dose Supplementation With Vitamins C and E, Beta Carotene, and Zinc for Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Vision Loss. Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119:1417-1436.

Awasthi S, Srivatava SK, Piper JT, Singhal SS, Chaubey M, Awasthi YC. Curcumin protects against 4-hydroxy-2-trans-nonrenal-induced cataract formation in rat lenses. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;64:761-766.

Christen WG, Jr. Antioxidants and eye disease. Am J Med 1994;97 Suppl. 3A:14S-17S.

Eye Disease Case-Control Group. Antioxidant status and neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Arch Opthomol 1993;111(1):104-9.

Gerster H. Antioxidant vitamins in cataract prevention. Z Ernahrungswiss 1989;28:56-75.

Hammond BR, Johnson EJ, Russel RM, et al. Dietary modification of human macular pigment density. Invest Opthamol Vis Sci 1997;38(9):1795-1801.

Handelman GJ, Dratz EA, Reay CC, van Kuijk JG. Carotenoids in the human macula and whole retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1988;29:850-855.

Hankinson SE, Stampfer MJ, Seddon JM, et al. Nutrient intake and cataract extraction in women: a prospective study. BMJ 1992;305:35-339.

Heinamaki AA, Muhonen AS, Piha RS. Taurine and other free amino acids in the retina, vitreous, lens, iris-ciliary body, and cornea of the rat eye. Neurochem Res 1986;11:535-542.

Jacques PF, Taylor A, Hankinson SE, et al. Long-term vitamin C supplement use and prevalence of early age-related lens opacities. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;66:911-6.

Kamei A. Glutathione levels of the human crystalline lens in aging and its antioxidant effect against the oxidation of lens proteins. Biol Pharm Bull 1993;16:870-875.

Kasuya M, Itoi M, Kobayashi S, Sunaga H, Suzuki KT. Changes of glutahione and taurine concentrations in lenses of rat eyes induced by galactose-cataract formation or aging. Exp Eye Res 1992;54:49-53.

Khachik F, Berstin Product Support, Garland DL. Identification of lutein and zeaxanthin oxidation in human and monkey retinas. Invest Opthamol Vis Sci 1997;38(9):1802-11.

Knekt P, Heliovaara M, Rissanen A, Aromaa A, Aaran RK. Serum antioxidant vitamins and risk of cataract. BMJ 1992;305:1392-1394.

Landrum JT, Bone RA, Joa H, Kilburn MD, Moore LL, Sprague KE. A one year study of the macular pigment: the effect of 140 days of a lutein supplement. Experimental Eye Research 1997;65:57-62.

Malone JI, Benford SA, Malone J, Jr. Taurine prevents galactose-induced cataracts. J Diabetes Complications 1993;7:44-48.

Mares-Perlman JA, Brady WE, Klein BE, et al. Serum carotenoids and tocopherols and severity of nuclear and cortical opacities. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1995;36:276-288.

Nakamori K, Koyama I, Nakamura T, et al. Quantitative evaluation of the effectiveness of taurine in protecting the ocular surface against oxidant. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1993;41:335-338.

Newsome DA, Swartz M, Leone NC, Elston RC, Miller E. Oral zinc in macular degeneration Arch Opthalmol 1988;106:192-198.

Packer L, Witt EH, Tritschler HJ. Alpha lipoic acid as a biological antioxidant. Free Radic Biol Med 1995;19:227 250.

Packer L. Antioxidant properties of lipoic acid and its therapeutic effects in prevention of diabetes complications and cataracts. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994;738:257 264.

Rathbun WB, Schmidt AJ, Holleschau AM. Activity loss of glutathione synthesis enzymes associated with human subcapsular cataract. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993;34:2049-2054.

Reddy VN. Glutathione and its function in the lens—an overview. Exp Eye Res 1990;50:771-778.

Schalch W. Carotenoids in the retina--a review of their possible role in preventing or limiting damage caused by light and oxygen. EXS 1995;62:280-298.

Seddon JM, Ajani UA, Sperduto RD, et al. Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration. Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group. JAMA 1994;272:1413-1420.

Seddon JM, Christen WG, Manson JE, et al. The use of vitamin supplements and the risk of cataract among US male physicians. Am J Public Health 1994;84:788-792.

Snodderly DM, Evidence for protecting against age-related macular degeneration by carotenoids and antioxidant vitamins. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;62:1448S-1461S.

Sperduto RD, Hu TS, Milton RC, et al. The Linzian cataract studies. Two nutrition intervention trials. Arch Ophthalmol 1993;111:1246-1253.

Suzuki YJ, Tsuchiya M, Packer L. Lipoate prevents glucose induced protein modifications. Free Radic Res Commun 1995;17:211 217.

Taylor A. Associations between nutrition and cataract. Nutr Rev 1989;47:225-234.

Varma SD. Scientific basis for medical therapy of cataracts by antioxidants. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53:335S-345S.

Vitale S, West S, Hallfrisch J, et al. Plasma antioxidants and risk of cortical and nuclear cataract. Epidemiology 1993;4:195-203.

Xie PY, Kanai A, Nakajima A, Kitahara S, Ohtsu A, Fujii K. Glutathione and glutathinoe-related enzymes in human cataractous lenses. Opthalmic Res 1995;23:133-144.

Zhang WZ, Augusteyn RC. Aging of glutathione reductase in the lens. Exp Eye Res 1994;59:91-95.

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