Anderson JJ, Garner SC. The effects of phytoestrogens on bone. Nutr Res 1997;17:1617-32.

Binkley NC, Suttie JW. Vitamin K nutrition and osteoporosis. J.Nutr. 1995;125:1812-21.

Bouillon RA, Auwerx JH, Lissens WD, Pelemans WK. Vitamin D status in the elderly: seasonal substrate deficiency causes 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol deficiency. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1987;45:755-63.

Bronner F. Calcium and osteoporosis. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1994;60:831-6.

Carlisle EM. Silicon as a trace nutrient. Sci.Total.Environ. 1988;73:95-106.

Chiechi LM. Dietary phytoestrogens in the prevention of long-term postmenopausal diseases. Int.J.Gynecol.Obstet. 1999;67:39-40.

Chiu KM. Efficacy of calcium supplements on bone mass in postmenopausal women. J.Gerontol.[A] 1999;54:M275-M280.

Diamond T, Smerdely P, Kormas N, Sekel R, Vu T, Day P. Hip fracture in elderly men: the importance of subclinical vitamin D deficiency and hypogonadism. Med J Aust. 1998;169:138-41.

Dowd P, Ham S-W, Naganathan S, Hershline R. The mechanism of action of vitamin K. Annu.Rev.Nutr. 1995;15:419-40.

Dupre JN, Keenan MJ, Hegsted M, Brudevold AM. Effects of dietary boron in rats fed a vitamin D-deficient diet. Environ.Health Perspect. 1994;102 Suppl 7:55-8.

Durlach J, Bac P, Durlach V, Rayssiguier Y, Bara M, Guiet-Bara A. Magnesium status and ageing: An update. Magnes.Res. 1998;11:25-42.

Ferland G. The vitamin K-dependent proteins: an update. Nutr Rev 1998;56:223-30.

Fleming KH, Heimbach JT. Consumption of calcium in the U.S.: Food sources and intake levels. J.Nutr. 1994;124 Suppl.:1426S-30S.

Food and Nutrition Board and Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes: Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Prepublication Copy. 1997. Washington, D.C., National Academy Press.

Food and Nutrition Board, National Research Council. Recommended Dietary Allowances. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1989.

Gallagher JC. The role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis. J Rheumatol.Suppl 1996;45:15-8.

Gloth FM3, Gundberg CM, Hollis BW, Haddad JG, Jr., Tobin JD. Vitamin D deficiency in homebound elderly persons. JAMA 1995;274:1683-6.

Hegsted M, Keenan MJ, Siver F, Wozniak P. Effect of boron on vitamin D deficient rats. Biol.Trace Elem.Res. 1991;28:243-55.

Holick, M. F. Environmental factors that influence the cutaneous production of vitamin D. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 61 Suppl., 638S-645S. 1995.

Hunt CD. The biochemical effects of physiologic amounts of dietary boron in animal nutrition models. Environ.Health Perspect. 1994;102 Suppl 7:35-43.

Kaufman JM. Role of calcium and vitamin D in the prevention and the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: an overview. Clin Rheumatol. 1995;14 Suppl 3:9-13.

Kessenich CR, Rosen CJ. Vitamin D and bone status in elderly women. Orthop.Nurs. 1996;15:67-71.

Lee WTK, Leung SSF, Leung DMY, Tsang HSY, Lau J, Cheng JCY. A randomized double-blind controlled calcium supplementation trial, and bone and height acquisition in children. Br.J.Nutr. 1995;74:125-39.

Looker AC, Harris TB, Madans JH, Sempos CT. Dietary calcium and hip fracture risk: the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-Up Study. Osteoporos Int 1993;3:4-84.

Martini LA. Magnesium supplementation and bone turnover. Nutr.Rev. 1999;57:227-9.

McCoy H, Kenney MA, Montgomery C, Irwin A, Williams L, Orrell R. Relation of boron to the composition and mechanical properties of bone. Environ.Health Perspect. 1994;102 Suppl 7:49-53.

Meacham SL, Taper LJ, Volpe SL. Effect of boron supplementation on blood and urinary calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus, and urinary boron in athletic and sedentary women. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1995;61:341-5.

Meacham SL, Taper LJ, Volpe SL. Effects of boron supplementation on bone mineral density and dietary, blood, and urinary calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and boron in female athletes. Environ.Health Perspect. 1994;102 Suppl 7:79-82.

Naghii MR, Samman S. The role of boron in nutrition and metabolism. Prog.Food Nutr.Sci. 1993;17:331-49.

Newnham RE. Essentiality of boron for healthy bones and joints. Environ.Health Perspect. 1994;102 Suppl 7:83-5.

Nielsen FH, Shuler TR. Studies of the interaction between boron and calcium, and its modification by magnesium and potassium, in rats. Effects on growth, blood variables, and bone mineral composition. Biol.Trace Elem.Res. 1992;35:225-37.

Nielsen FH. Biochemical and physiologic consequences of boron deprivation in humans. Environ.Health Perspect. 1994;102 Suppl 7:59-63.

Nielsen FH. Studies on the relationship between boron and magnesium in the formation and maintenance of bones. J Am Coll Nutr 1989;8:457 (abstr).

Nielsen FH. Ultratrace elements in nutrition: Current knowledge and speculation. J.Trace Elem.Exp.Med. 1998;11:251-74.

Nielsen FH. Ultratrace Minerals. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger 1994:269-86.

O'Brien KO. Combined calcium and vitamin D supplementation reduces bone loss and fracture incidence in older men and women. Nutr Rev 1998;56:148-50.

Ooms ME, Roos JC, Bezemer PD, van der Vijgh WJ, Bouter LM, Lips P. Prevention of bone loss by vitamin D supplementation in elderly women: a randomized double-blind trial. J Clin Endocrinol.Metab. 1995;80:1052-8.

Patti L, Maffettone A, Iovine C et al. Long-term effects of fish oil on lipoprotein subfractions and low density lipoprotein size in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Atherosclerosis 1999;146:361-7.

Paunier L. Effect of magnesium on phosphorus and calcium metabolism. Monatsschr.Kinderheilkd. 1992;140:S17-S20.

Porter KH. Undercarboxylated osteocalcin: Indicator of vitamin K status and hip fracture risk? Biochem.Arch. 1999;15:225-37.

Potter SM, Baum JA, Teng HY, Stillman RJ, Shay NF, Erdman JW, Jr. Soy protein and isoflavones: their effects on blood lipids and bone density in postmenopausal women. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1998;68:1375S-9S.

Power ML, Heaney RP, Kalkwarf HJ et al. The role of calcium in health and disease. Am.J.Obstet.Gynecol. 1999;181:1560-9.

Reid IR, Ames RW, Evans MC, Gamble GD, Sharpe SJ. Long-term effects of calcium supplementation on bone loss and fractures in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Med. 1995;98:331-5.

Reid IR. The roles of calcium and vitamin D in the prevention of osteoporosis. Endocrinol.Metab.Clin North Am 1998;27:389-98.

Renner E. Dairy calcium, bone metabolism, and prevention of osteoporosis. J.Dairy.Sci. 1994;77:3498-505.

Rico H, Gallego-Lago JL, Hernández ER et al. Effect of silicon supplement on osteopenia induced by ovariectomy in rats. Calcified Tissue International 2000;66:53-5.

Riggs, Riggs,B.L.; O'Fallon,W.M.; Muhs,J.; O'Connor,M.K.; Kumar,R.; Melton,L.J. Long-term effects of calcium supplementation on serum parathyroid hormone level, bone turnover, and bone loss in elderly women. J Bone Miner Res 1998;13:168-174.

Seaborn CD NF. Silicon: A nutritional beneficence for bones, brains and blood vessels? Nutrition Today 1993;28:13-6.

Seaborn CD, Nielsen FH. Response surface analysis of bone composition changes caused by dietary calcium and silicon. FASEB J 1993;7:A77.

Seaborn, C. D. and Nielsen, F. H. Effects of germanium and silicon on bone mineralization. Biol.Trace Elem.Res. 42, 151-164. 1994.

Sojka JE, Weaver CM. Magnesium supplementation and osteoporosis. Nutr.Rev. 1995;53:71-4.

Stendig-Lindberg, G., Tepper, R., and Leichter, I. Trabecular bone density in a two year controlled trial of peroral magnesium in osteoporosis. Magnesium Research 6(2), 155-163. 1993.

Teegarden D, Weaver CM. Calcium supplementation increases bone density in adolescent girls. Nutr Rev. 1994;52:171-3.

Torgerson DJ, Kanis JA. Cost-effectiveness of preventing hip fractures in the elderly population using vitamin D and calcium. Q.J.Med. 1995;88:135-9.

U.S.Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. Data Tables: Results from USDA's 1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals and 1996 Diet and Health Knowledge Survey. ARS Food Surveys Research Group 97. Electronic Citation.

Vermeer G, Schurgers LJ. A comprehensive review of vitamin K and vitamin K antagonists. Hematol.Oncol.Clin.North Am. 2000;14:339-53.

Vermeer, C., Jie, K.-S. G., and Knapen, M. H. J. Role of vitamin K in bone metabolism. Annual Review of Nutrition 15, 1-22. 1995.

Volpe SL, Taper LJ, Meacham S. The relationship between boron and magnesium status and bone mineral density in the human: a review. Magnes.Res. 1993;6:291-6.

Welten DC, Kemper HC, Post GB, van Staveren WA. A meta-analysis of the effect of calcium intake on bone mass in young and middle aged females and males. J.Nutr. 1995;125:2802-13.

Welten, D.C., H.C.G. Kemper, G. Post, and W.A. Van Staveren. A meta-analysis of the effect of calcium intake on bone mass in young and middle aged females and males. J. Nutr. 125: 2802, 1995.